Which organization or authority typically issues ROE for a CAS mission?

• A. Higher command or combatant authority.
• B. A civilian contractor.
• C. Individual pilot’s discretion.
• D. Ground forces commander alone.

Answer: (A)

Rules of Engagement are the policy-level controls that govern when and how force can be used in an operation. For a CAS mission, those ROE aren’t created by the individual pilot or by the ground commander on the spot; they originate from higher authority to ensure consistency with policy, international law, and mission objectives. The higher command or combatant authority sets the ROE that all units in the area must follow, sometimes with theater or joint-force refinements, but the essential origin is at that top level. Civilian contractors don’t have authority to issue ROE, and the ground forces commander alone cannot establish the overarching rules for an air mission. The aircrew must execute within the ROE provided by that higher authority and request clarifications or adjustments through the proper chain if needed.